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Image-based rendering focuses on rendering scenes from existing captured or rasterized images, typically from a new viewpoint.
Recent research allows adding new objects, performing relighting, and other AR effects.
Light Fields
Lightfields aim to capture the radiance of light rays within the scene.
NeRF
NeRF preprocesses unstructured light fields into a neural network (MLP) representation which predicts/interpolates unknown light rays based on the known light rays in the scene.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction aims to recreate the 3D scene from a set of input images.
Techniques include structure from motion, multi-view stereo.
This is also known as photogrammetry.
