C (programming language)

C is a popular low-level programming language used for OS development.
Higher-level applications are typically written in C++.

Usage

Memory Allocation

#include <stdlib.h>
There are 2 primary ways to allocate memory in C:

• malloc(bytes) Allocated memory is uninitialized.
• calloc(number, bytes) Allocated memory is initialized to 0. Allocates (number * bytes) bytes of memory.

Memory allocated by malloc and calloc are on the heap and should be deallocated by free when no longer used to avoid memory leaks.

alloca

There is also a way to dynamically allocate memory on the stack.

• alloca(bytes) Usage is Discouraged

Memory allocated by alloca is allocated on the stack and will automatically be freed at the end of the function, not scope.
Do not call free on this memory. Do not allocate more than a few bytes using alloca or you will risk a stack overflow leading to undefined behavior.
For automatic garbage collection, use C++ smart pointers or Rust instead.

On Windows you also have:

• _malloca
• _calloca

These are not portable so I wouldn't use them. They are a safer version of alloca which allocates to the heap if there isn't enough stack space. However, you need to free them using _freea which eliminates the main benefit of alloca.
As far as I can tell, the only benefit is to prevent heap fragmentation.