File Systems

There are several common ways to store binary information:

• Database or key-value store (e.g. PostgreSQL, SQLite) - Good for small files or a finite amount of files which fit within the confines of a database.
• Object store (e.g. S3) - same as a key-value store but typically designed to scale lots of files across multiple HDDs and hosts.
• File systems (e.g. EXT4) - good for files where certain operations benefit from a hierarchical data structure, e.g. list, delete. File systems typically come with metadata such as permissions and owners.
• Block storage - you get raw disk access but need to layout your binary data manually and in fixed block sizes.

Standard File Systems

• BTRFS
• ZFS
• EXT4
• XFS
• NTFS

Overlay File Systems

• MergerFS - a union file system to combine multiple folders on a single computer.

Block Overlays

• LUKS - encrypts a partition
• LVM - joins multiple blocks into a pool from which to allocate blocks
• mdraid

Distributed File Systems

• GlusterFS - joins filesystem directories across multiple computers
• Ceph - joins drives across multiple computers. Has block, file, and object storage APIs.
• SeaweedFS - joins drives across multiple computers. Has file (with filer extension) and object storage APIs.
• JuiceFS - creates a POSIX-compatable file storage using an S3 object storage and metadata database.
• Rook - deployment of Ceph using Kubernetes

Databases

• PostgreSQL
• MySQL
• SQLite